Landings: Part 1 Landings: Part 2 Landings: Part 3 Landings: Part 4 Landings: Part 5 Landings: Part 6 As already stated the treaty, which was closed at 18th October, was a shame for the Franco-Batavian troops, who gave all for the cause, the greatest part of them believed in. To make this conclusion it will be enough to give the contents of the treaty, and one can judge by himself. I will give you now the original answer of York to the proposal of Brune. In this answer York gives the complete account of Brune's proposal, followed at each article by The answer from York. Except for one article, the treaty was closed on York's terms. Head-Quarters, Schagen Brug, October 17, 1799 General, I send back Major General Knox with my answer to the explanatory note which he has delivered to me in your name. He is fully authorized to conclude on my part upon every point which relates to the subject of his mission. (signed) Frederick, Duke of York, C.I.C. of the Combined English and Russian Army To General Brune C.I.C. etc etc. Head-Quarters at Schagen Brug October 17, 1799 His Royal Highness the Duke of York, C.I.C. of the combined English and Russian army, proposed to General Brune, C.I.C. of the French and Batavian army, an arrangement equally to the advantage of both parties, originating in his desire to prevent the further effusion of blood, and to preserve this country from the terrible effects of an inundation, as also from the destruction of the best of his ports, involving the total ruin of the principal channels of its interior navigation and commerce. In answer to which General Brune observes, that he cannot imagine his Royal Highness will recur to measures, not less revolting to humanity, then repugnant to the character of the British Nation, and to the general feeling of all Europe. Devastation or destruction is certainly incompatible with the character and with the uniform conduct of the English Nation; and as little do either accord with the disposition of his Royal Highness the C.I.C.; but there are duties peremptorily prescribed by the nature of particular fituations, the odium of which must fall, not on those who execute, but on such as render the measures necessary, by rejecting the conditions of a just and honourable agreement. Deeply impressed with what is due to this Country on the one hand, and to the claims of humanity on the other; persuaded, likewise, that General Brune is equally guided by these sentiments; his Royal Highness has taken his proposals into consideration, and consents to abide by the agreement as it stands in the answers annexed to the different articles. Major General Knox, who is charged therewith, is authorized to sign and conclude this agreement, as well as to arrange any points of detail which may arise out of it. It being the duty of every officer commanding his Britannic Majesty's troops, to make an exact report whatever relates to his command, his Royal Highness the Duke of York will of course lay before the British Government every communication which has taken place between his Royal Highness and General Brune. Articles proposed in the Explanatory Note from General Brune. Art. 1. The Batavian fleet, which was surrendered to Admiral Mitchell by Admiral Story, shall be restored to the Batavian Republic with its stores and crews. In case the Duke of York shall not be vested with sufficient power to comply with this Article, his Royal Highness shall engage to obtain from his court an equivalent compensation. Answer: His Royal Highness will on no account treat upon this Article; the execution of which, it must be evident to both parties, is impossible. Art. 2. Fifteen thousand prisoners of war, French and Batavians, detained in England, shall be unconditionally released and send home. The mode of selection, and the proportion for each country, to be settled between the Governments of the two Republics. The Batavian Admiral de Winter shall be considered as exchanged. This Article shall in no degree prejudice or interfere with the cartel of exchange at present established. Answer: This demand appears to rest upon a supposed loss the combined must sustain - should its embarkation be resolved upon. It is by no means admitted that such would be the result: But as in the event of the armies carrying on the campaign during the winter, the loss of a certain number of men must naturally be expected. His Royal Highness, influenced by this consideration, agrees to promise, in the name of the British Government, that five thousand French and Batavian prisoners, the proportion of each to be regulated according to the terms of the Article, shall be unconditionally released and sent home. Nothing further in this Article can be agreed to. Art. 3. The batteries and fort of the Helder shall be restored in the condition in which they were found at the period of the invasion of the English and Russian army. An officer of artillery shall be sent to the Helder by General Brune to see that this article is complied with. Answer: The fort and batteries of the Helder will be left, generally considered, in an improved state. None of the Dutch artillery shall be carried away. Art. 4. The army under the command of the Duke of York shall within forty- eight hours evacuate the position of the Zuyp. Its advanced posts shall be withdrawn to the heights of Callants-Oog. The French and Batavian army shall preserve the positions it occupies at present, taking up however its advanced posts at Petten, Crabendam, Schagen Brug, and Colborn. it shall have merely a vidette at the height of Callants-Oog. Answer: On no account will it be consented that the army shall be withdrawn from the position of the Zuyp, until every preparation requisite to render its embarkation easy and complete can be arranged at the Helder. It must be evident, that it cannot be desirable that any delay should take place in this respect. No addition shall be made to the works at the Zuyp, and persons properly authorized shall be admitted from time to time to ascertain and report upon this point for the satisfaction of General Brune; but no armed detachment will be permitted to approach, or to take post, nearer then they already are to our position. It must be further understood, that on his part General Brune will not allow any approaches or offensive preparations to be carried on, and that the French and Batavian army shall continue in the line of advanced posts which it occupies at present, which shall also be the line of separation between the two armies respectively. Art. 5. The troops composing the English and Russian army, shall be embarked successively, and as speedily as possible. All the British shipping shall quit the Texel, and all the English and Russian troops be withdrawn from the seas, coasts, and islands of the Batavian Republic before the 20th of november next, and shall not damage the great sources of navigation or occasion any inundation in the country. Answer: The embarkation of the English and Russian troops will take place with all possible expedition; and at this season of the year unnecessary delay will naturally be avoided as much as possible; but to prevent any difficulty or future discussion upon this point, it is proposed, that the period of suspension of hostilities shall be limited to the end of the month of November next, in order to secure sufficient time for the complete evacuation of the country, which, however, shall be effected sooner, if practicable. Art. 6. All ships of war, or other vessels, having on board reinforcements for the combined English and Russian army, shall put to sea as soon as possible, without landing the same. Answer: The ships of war, or other vessels immediately expected with reinforcements for the combined English and Russian army, or which may hereafter to be sent, shall not land their troops, but shall put to sea again as soon as possible. Art. 7. To guarantee the execution of these clauses, hostages shall be given by the Duke of York, to be selected among the officers of rank in his army. Answer: Hostages shall be reciprocally given, to be selected among the officers of rank of the two armies, to guarantee the execution of this agreement. By order of His Royal Highness the Duke of York, Commander in Chief of the Combined English and Russian Army. (signed) H.Taylor, Sec. The treaty which was closed 18th October 1799, was based on the comments of York, with only one change: The number of prisoners of war that had to be released in conformity with article 2 was set on 8,000. In the end, only 1500 prisoners of war were released by the British. In short, the Anglo-Russians had achieved an unconditional retreat. No payment of war costs or damage done to the Batavian Republic, no restitution of Batavian colonies, and no restitution of the Batavian fleet, which was a condition of the Batavian Government. And that while the Anglo-Russians were beaten, and with their backs to the wall. Many thought of Brune as being a traitor to the Batavians and the French, and also of the Republican cause, also it was said Brune was being bought. He received a gift from York of some beautiful horses. However, it was again made clear that the Batavian Republic was only a French satellite. At 22nd October the Anglo-Russians started their reembarking. At 19th November the last troops left Batavian soil. Aftermath After much fighting, the Batavian Republic had been saved, although not without loss. Damage to the country was high. Dikes, roads and bridges had to be repaired, villages and towns rebuild and the country-side cleaned up. Great parts had been flooded, which had to made dry again. But morale was as high as ever. The Batavian army had shown that they were willing to fight for their country, and that they were up to that task. The loss of the Batavian fleet was of course severe, but never would have been a match for the superior British navy. And, still in the Dutch stile, many were glad it wasn't there, so it would cost no money any more! Only Napoleon later would regret the loss, because the possession of the Batavian fleet would have helped him greatly in his efforts to invade Britain. The Batavian Government realised that the had nothing to tell in matters which were of interest to France. But in internal affairs, their position was again secure. In this campaign, the cooperation with the French troops was remarkably well, and would stay this way till the very end of Napoleon. In this way, it will surprise no one that the Batavian (or Dutch) troops behaved well as French ally in the campaigns that were to come (the campaigns in Germany and Spain - were a Dutch/German Brigade fought under the command of General Chasse -), and after the integration of Kingdom of Holland in the French Empire in 1810. A behaviour so well, that Napoleon even integrated part of the Dutch army in his own guard! Final Remarks At the end of this account about the Anglo-Russian landings in Holland in 1799, I would like to make some final remarks. If someone starts with the task of digging in sources for information, one finds information that is of no interest to anyone reading this article, but also much contradicting information. In cases of this one tries to find the real information, something that is sometimes very difficult. History is no experiment which can be repeated (of course you can wargame a battle, but chances that the situation at the and is on all areas is nil). So you have to rely on sources, which were written from different points of view, are nationally coloured, and with different goals. Also some information that is of our interest will be missing. In this case we have a real problem. The easiest way is to fill the gap by `making your own history': just think about what will the most plausible that could have happened and use it to fill the gap. This is what I notice more and more in books and articles appearing lastly. I am strongly opposed to this practice, because in this way, after years and years, and the use of this `made up' truth in other books and articles, history will change. And the problems of someone else studying history will even be bigger. Well-known examples of this practice, and of the practice to base an article on a limited source or sources, can be found numerously about the Battle of Waterloo. The contradiction about for example the behaviour of the Dutch-Belgian troops at Waterloo is great, as already is noted by readers as David Tomlinson (FE no.12). This is why their is some missing information in the account about the campaign in Holland, and why there appears some contradicting information in it (see part 6). Making up history can everyone, and who am I to do it for you? Lastly, I would be glad if some other reader could clear up some of the missing or contradicting information in this series. I think this is a hobby not for individualists, but for anyone. Anyone who can contribute something to it that could be of use for someone else, must do so. Uniforms and Organization of the Armies that took part in the Operations About the uniforms and organization of the French and British armies in 1799, already enough has been published, so there will be no need to cover this in this series. The information about the Russian army is a little more difficult to obtain. I'm sure there are readers of this magazine who have more information about the Russians then I have so I will leave this up to one of them. Information about the Batavian uniforms and organization is most difficult to obtain, and most readers would only have access to Otto von Pivka's "Dutch- Belgian Troops of the Napoleonic Wars", MAA no. 98. Unfortunately the information on the Batavian uniforms is very incomplete, and most of the time wrong. So finally we shall look into the organization and uniforms of the Batavian Republic in 1799. The organization and uniforms of the Batavian troops The Batavian infantry was ideally divided into 2 Divisions, each of 2 brigades. Each brigade consisted of 2 halve brigades and a battalion jagers. The grenadier-companies were usually detached and operated converged with the grenadier-companies from the same halve brigade, brigade or Division. Each Division received 1 or 2 regiments of cavalry and a horse battery. The foot artillery was not incorporated in the Divisions, but was allotted by the CIC to a Division if the tactical situation made it necessary (terrain, task, etc.). Because of this it is often very difficult to keep track of the foot artillery. Infantry a. Line infantry The Batavian line infantry consisted of 7 halve brigades (demi-brigades), each of 3 battalions which 1 grenadier-company and 8 fusilier-companies. A halve brigade consisted of 98 officers and 1,995 NCO's and soldiers, divided as follows: Staff halve brigade: 1 Colonel 1 Captain-Adjutant-Major 12 Musicians Battalion staff (3X): 1 Lieutenant-Colonel 1 Lieutenant-Quartermaster 1 Adjutant 1 Surgeon 1 Aide-Surgeon 2 Eleves-surgeon 1 Drum Major 1 Gunsmith Company (9X): 1 Captain 1 1st Class Lieutenant 1 2nd Class Lieutenantv 1 Sergeant-Major 3 Sergeant 1 Quartermaster Corporal 6 Corporal 2 Drummer 60 Grenadier or fusilier Also the following German troops were in Batavian service: Regiment Saxen-Gotha, consisting of 2 battalions with each 1 life-company, 1 grenadier-company and 6 musketeer-companies. 1st and 2nd Regiment Waldeck, each consisting of 2 battalions with each 1 life-company, 1 grenadier-company and 6 musketeer-companies. 5th Battalion Waldeck, consisting of 1 grenadier-company, 6 musketeer-companies and 1 jager-company. Uniforms: see fig 1. The Batavian infantry wore long blue coats with facings as given below. Belts, waistcoat, breeches and buttons (with the number of the halve brigade) were white. Black gaiters till under the knee with black shoes. Plain black bicorn with black cockade, white loop and button. Grenadiers wore a black plume with coloured top: red for the 1st, white for the 2nd and blue for the 3rd battalion. Further they could be recognised by red fringed epaulettes and red sabre knots. The pack was made from calfskin and worn on two white shoulder straps. They had no greatcoats. They were armed with a smoothbore musket with brass metal and a red musket sling, a bayonet, and a short infantry sabre with red sabre knot. The grenadiers could wear a moustache; this was forbidden for the fusiliers. The facings of the Batavian infantry were as follows: Unit Collar, lapels, cuffs, cuff-flaps Turnbacks Piping 1st Halve Brigade Red Red White 2nd Halve Brigade Crimson White White 3rd Halve Brigade White White White 4th Halve Brigade White (collar: red piped white) Red Red 5th Halve Brigade Light blue Light blue White 6th Halve Brigade Light blue White White 7th Halve Brigade Yellow Yellow White Regiment Waldeck Yellow Yellow Yellow Regiment Saxen-Gotha Red Red Red Officers wore the same uniforms as the men, only of a better quality. Buttons were white with the battalion number on it. Furthermore, they had two silver epaulettes, red, white and blue sash with the knot on the left thigh, which was worn under the coat, over the waistcoat. They were armed with a sword in black scabbard with blank metal, grenadiers officers had a sabre. Officers had to wear a black collar piped white. Headdress was the same as for the men, superior officers wearing a plume in the facing colour. Officers wore short black boots. The Sergeant-Major had one epaulette on the right shoulder. NCO's could be recognised by their chevrons: Sergeant-Major 2 chevrons under the elbow; Sergeant 1 Chevron under the elbow; Quartermaster Corporal 1 chevron over the elbow; Corporal 2 white epaulettes. Drummers and musicians wore the normal uniform with only minor decoration. Scabbards had brass metal fittings. b. Jagers There were 4 jager-battalions in Batavian service. A battalion consisted of 23 officers and 586 NCO's and soldiers, with each of the 6 companies at the following strength: 3 officers, 5 NCO's, 9 Corporals, 1 `half moon' Bugler, 2 `waldhorn' Buglers, and 80 jagers. Uniforms see fig 2. The jagers wore the same uniforms as for the line infantry, in the following colours: dark green coats with facings as given below. Facings were shown on collar, cuffs, cuff-flaps, turnbacks and piping on the waistcoat. Te turnbacks had red hunting horns embroidered on them. The waistcoat and breeches were also dark green. Belts were black. Buttons (with the number of the halve brigade) as shown below. Black gaiters till under the knee, with black shoes. Plain black bicorn with green cords, loop and plumes, buttons as below. Red fringed epaulettes. Instead of a pack they had a brown calfskin hunting bag, which was carried on the left hip on a brown leather strap over the right shoulder. Greatcoats were dark grey. The jagers were for 1/3 armed with rifles with brass metal and black musket slings, and cutlasses with a green sabre knot. 2/3 were armed with a rifled musket with brass metal and black musket sling, and a bayonet. Also the jagers had a short infantry sabre, also with green sabre knot. The facings of the Batavian jagers were as follows: Unit Cuffs, cuff-flapss Collar, Turnbacks Buttons Epaulettes 1st Battalion Black Black White Black 2nd Battalion Black (also lapels) Black Yellow Green 3rd Battalion Black Crimson White Green 4th Battalion Black Crimson Yellow Green Officers wore the same uniforms as the men, only of a better quality. They had two silver epaulettes, red, white and blue sash with the knot on the left thigh, which was worn under the coat, over the waistcoat. They were armed with a sword in black scabbard with blank metal. Officers wore no collar. Headdress was the same as for the men, only with gold lace and loop. Officers wore short black boots. Rank distinctions for the NCO's were the same as for the line infantry. The buglers wore the normal uniform without special decoration. The waldhorn was brass with green cords. The `half moon' was brass with brown leather work and green tassels. Cavalry The Batavian cavalry consisted of 4 regiments: 1st Regiment (Heavy) Cavalry 2nd Regiment (Heavy) Cavalry Regiment Dragoons Regiment Hussars Each regiment consisted of 4 squadrons with 2 companies. A regiment consisted of 24 officers and 596 NCO's and troopers, divided as follows: Regimental staff: 1 Colonel 2 Lieutenant-Colonel 1 Quartermaster 1 1st Class Lieutenant 1 2nd Class Lieutenant-Adjutant 2 Riding-Master 1 Harnessmaker 1 Armourer/Spurmaker/Blacksmith 1 Surgeon-Major 1 Second Surgeon 2 Eleves-surgeon Company (8X): 1 Ritmeester (Cavalry-Captain) 1 1st Class Lieutenant 1 2nd Class Lieutenant 1 Opperwachtmeester (Cavalry-Sergeant-Major) 2 Wachtmeester (Cavalry-Sergeant) 1 Quartermaster Corporal 5 Corporal 1 Trumpeter 64 Troopers a. The Heavy cavalry (see fig 3 and 4). The heavy cavalry wore a long-tailed white coat with facings as below shown on collar, cuffs, lapels, turnbacks and epaulettes. Waistcoat, breeches were white or a brownish yellow. Belts and buttons with the regimental number were white. Headdress was a large black bicorn with black cockade and a plume, white loop and button. The colour of the plume indicated the rank: troopers white; corporals with black in the middle, wachtmeesters black with white top half; trumpeters mixed white and black; officers white with black top half. The officers had also silver epaulettes, and wore the red-white-blue sash with the knot on the right thigh. Leather gloves. Black tie, black leather boots. The greatcoat was white and if not worn carried behind the trooper on the saddle. The heavy cavalry had no carbines. They were armed with a white-metal hilted, straight-bladed sword in a white metal sheath. Trumpeters wore the normal trooper uniform. The facings of the heavy cavalry were as follows: Unit Collar, cuffs, lapels, epaulettes Turnbacks 1st Regiment Black Red 2nd Regiment Light blue Light blue The shabraque was red for the 1st, yellow for the 2nd regiment, edged white with a thin yellow line (edging silver for officers, NCO's and trumpeters). Horse furniture was black leather. b. The Regiment Dragoons (see fig 3). The dragoons wore the same uniforms as the heavy cavalry, except for the coat which was dark blue. Facings were pink and were shown on the collar, cuffs, lapels and turnbacks. The dragoons were armed with a carbine with bayonet, and a sword which was the same as for the heavy cavalry. The shabraque was dark blue edged white with a thin red line in the middle. Horse furniture was black leather. c. The Regiment Hussars (see fig 5). The hussars wore a dark blue dolman, pelisse and breeches. Collar and cuffs were red with yellow piping. All loops, cords and buttons were yellow. The edging of the pelisse was of white sheepskin. The breeches were also dark blue with yellow Hungarian knots and yellow lace at the length of the outer seams. The barrel-sash was in the colours red-white-blue. Short black boots. Headdress was a conical black shako with a red bag, which was fixed at the upper back side. This bag was long and could be worn loose or wrapped around the shako. At the left side a black cockade with yellow loop and a brass button was worn. Behind the cockade a red-white-blue plume was fixed. All belts were yellow. The sabretache was red with yellow edging and the yellow letters `B.R.' embroidered (for `Bataafsche Republiek). Officers wore the same uniform, except with gold cords, loops and buttons. Armament was a curved light cavalry sabre with white metal scabbard, a carbine and a pistol. The shabraque was dark blue edged yellow with a thick red line in the middle. Portmanteau was dark blue without decoration. Horse furniture was black leather. Artillery a. Foot artillery The foot artillery of the Batavian army consisted of 4 battalions, each of 6 companies. Each battalion consisted of 39 officers and 565 NCO's and gunners, divided as follows: Battalion staff: 1 Lieutenant-Colonel 1 Lieutenant-Adjutant 1 Quartermaster 1 Drum Major Company (6X) 1 Captain 2 1st Class Lieutenant 2 Sous-Lieutenant 1 1st Class Bombardier (Sergeant-Major) 7 Bombardier (Sergeant) 1 Quartermaster Corporal 7 Corporal 2 Cadets-Eleves 2 Drummer 1 Wheelmaker 1 Blacksmith 1 Surgeon 70 Gunners Each company manned 6 guns, with a differing composition. Mainly a company was equipped with 6pdr guns, but beside these also 12pdr guns and 24pdr howitzers were used. The companies were divided without any problem if the situation desired. To illustrate this, the following guns were in use by the foot artillery of the Batavian army at the 10th October 1799: 1st Division (Daendels) 17 6pdr guns and 3 24pdr howitzers; 2nd Division (Dumonceau) 2 12pdr guns and 14 6pdr guns; Artillery Park 9 12pdr guns, 7 6pdr guns, 4 3pdr guns and 16 24pdr howitzers. Uniforms: see fig 6. The foot artillery wore dark blue coats with red collar, cuffs, cuff-flaps, turnbacks and red piping on the shoulder straps and lapels. Turnbacks with dark blue hearts. The waistcoat and breeches were also dark blue, waistcoat also piped red. Yellow buttons. Belts were probable black. Black gaiters till under the knee with black shoes. Plain black bicorn with black cockade with yellow loop and button, and black plumes with red top. They had no greatcoats. The gunners were only armed with a short infantry sabre, with brass hilt and red sabre knot. The scabbard was black with brass metal. Officers wore the same uniforms as the men, only of a better quality. To distinct their rank, they had two golden epaulettes, and a red, white and blue sash with the knot on the left thigh, which was worn under the coat, over the waistcoat. They were armed with a sword in black scabbard with white metal. Headdress was the same as for the men. Officers wore short black boots. NCO's could be recognised by their chevrons: Sergeant-Major 2 chevrons under the elbow; Sergeant 1 Chevron under the elbow; Quartermaster Corporal 1 chevron over the elbow; Corporal 2 white epaulettes. Drummers wore the normal uniform. They were recognised by swallow-nests, the colour of which is not known (I propose white). b. Horse artillery The horse artillery of the Batavian army consisted of brigade of 2 companies. The brigade was commanded by the senior Captain of one of the companies, and received the rank of 2nd Class Lieutenant-Colonel. The strength of this brigade was as follows: Brigade staff: 1 2nd Class Lieutenant-Adjutant 1 Quartermaster 1 2nd Class Surgeon 1 Sous-Riding-Master 2 Saddlemaker 1 Blacksmith 1 2nd Class Blacksmith Company (2X) 1 Captain 1 1st Class Lieutenant 2 Sous-Lieutenant 1 1st Class Wachtmeester (Sergeant-Major) 6 Wachtmeester (Sergeant) 1 Quartermaster Corporal 6 Corporal 2 Cadets-Eleves 1 Trumpeter 3 Artificer 64 Gunner Each company manned 6 guns, 4 6pdr guns and 2 24pdr howitzers. The companies were divided in division of 2 guns without any problem if the situation desired. Uniforms: see fig 7. The horse artillery wore dark blue coats with red collar, cuffs, cuff-flaps, epaulettes and red piping on the lapels. The dark blue waistcoat was also piped red. The breeches were also dark blue with red Hungarian knots and red lace at the length of the outer seams. Yellow buttons. Black belts and short black boots with brass spurs. Plain black bicorn with black cockade with red cords, yellow loop and button, and black plumes with red top. The gunners were armed with a curved sabre, with brass hilt and red sabre knot. The scabbard was black with brass metal. Also they carried a cavalry pistol. Officers wore the same uniforms as the men, only of a better quality. To distinguish their rank, they had two gold epaulettes, and a red, white and blue sash with the knot on the right thigh, which was worn under the coat, over the waistcoat. They were armed with a sword in black scabbard with white metal. Headdress was the same as for the men. Officers wore short black boots. NCO's could be recognised by their chevrons: Sergeant-Major 2 chevrons under the elbow; Sergeant 1 Chevron under the elbow; Quartermaster Corporal 1 chevron over the elbow; Corporal 2 white epaulettes. About the uniforms of the trumpeters nothing is known. Probably they wore the normal uniform with only small differences. The shabraque was dark blue edged red with a thin dark blue line in the middle. Portmanteau was dark blue without decoration. Horse furniture was black leather. Engineers The Batavian engineers consisted of a corps Miners and Sappers of 2 companies. Their uniform was the same as the foot artillery uniform, only in grey-blue. Buttons were white. The miners were armed with muskets. Officers had no plume on their bicorn. Generals Generals wore a dark blue double-breasted coat with red collar and cuffs. Buttons were gold. Gold embroidery at the collar, cuffs and pockets. Gold epaulettes. Waistcoat and breeches white. High black boots with steel spurs. Waist sash with gold stripes in the colour distincting the rank: General de Division red; General de Brigade light blue. Large cocked hat with white feather edging, gold lace, loop and button, and a black cockade. Colours All the infantry battalions had colours, which were carried by the most senior cadet. The Colours were of white silk, with painted on it the inscription "#.e Bataillon" and "#.e Halve Brigade" in gold (where # is a designatory number). In the centre was a large green oak leaf wreath, with inside it an arm holding a curved sword with silver blade, coming from a grey cloud. The armour on the arm and hilt of the sword brass. The pole of the colour was brown with a brass spearhead with red, white and blue cords. Also every company had a kind of guide pennon, with the battalion number on it. The cavalry and artillery had no colours. Bibliography: Uniforms ARMAMENTARIA Yearly publication of the foundation "Vrienden van het Legermuseum", no. 9, 10, 11 and 27, Delft, 1974, 1975, 1976 and 1992. FORBES WELS, P. "De Nederlandse Cavalerie", Bussum 1963. RAA, F.G.J. ten "De Uniformen van de Nederlandsche Zee- en Landmachthier te Lande en in de Kolonin`s Gravenhage 1900. RINGOIR H. "De Nederlandse Infanterie", Bussum 1968. Bibliography: History of the Campaign AA, C. van de "Geschiedenis van den Jongst-Geindigden Oorlog, tot op het Sluiten van den Vrede te Amins. Bijzonder met Betrekking tot de Bataafsche Republiek", Amsterdam 1806. ANON.: "Officile Berichten tot de Veldtocht in 1799". ANON.: "The Dutch Expedition Vindicated; with Brief Observations on the Emigrants", London 1799. ANON.: "Precis des Evenements et Operations Historiques et Militaires... dans la Nord-Hollande", Hambourg 1799. ANON.: "Geschiedenis van de Landing der Engelschen en Russen in het Najaar van 1799, ... ", Gouda 1801. BAS, F. de Prins Frederik der Nederlanden en zijn Tijd", deel II, Schiedam 1901. BOSSCHA, J. "Neerlands Heldendaden te Land, van de Vroegste Tijden af tot in onze Dagen", Leeuwarden 1842. GACHOT, Edouard "Les Campagnes de 1799. Jourdan en Allemagne et Brune en Hollande", 1907. KOOLEMANS BEIJNEN, G.J.W. "Krijgsgeschiedkundige Studie over de Verdediging der Bataafsche Republiek in 1799", Breda. KRAYENHOFF, "Geschiedkundige Beschouwing Lt-Gen Baron van den Oorlog op het Grondgebied der Bataafsche Republiek in 1799", Nijmegen 1832. SYPESTEIJN, Jhr J.W. van "Geschiedenis van het Regiment Hollandsche Hussaren, etc.", Den Haag/Amsterdam 1849. UIJTERSCHOUT, I.L. "Beknopt Overzicht van de Belangrijkste Gebeurtenissen uit de Nederlandsche Krijgsgeschiedenis van 1568 tot Heden", Den Haag 1937. VONK, L.C. "Geschiedenis der Landing van het Engelsch-Russisch leger in Noord-Holland, etc.", Haarlem 1801. VOGEL L.F.TH. & LAMBOOY "Strategie en Krijgsgeschiedenis", Breda 1910. More Anglo-Russian Landings in Holland Landings: Part 1 Landings: Part 2 Landings: Part 3 Landings: Part 4 Landings: Part 5 Landings: Part 6 Landings: Part 7 Back to Table of Contents -- First Empire #14 Back to First Empire List of Issues Back to MagWeb Master Magazine List © Copyright 1993 by First Empire. This article appears in MagWeb (Magazine Web) on the Internet World Wide Web. 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