The dominant ethnic groups in Khiva were the Uzbegs (20%), Turcomans (20%), Kazakhs (20%). Other significant ethnic groups included Karakalpaks (10%), Persians (5%), Sarts (5%) and slaves (20%). The total population was about 2.5 million. The Kazakhs dominated the northwestern area with a large population in the corridor between the Caspian and Aral seas. The Karakalpaks occupied the coastal region north of Khiva and used Kungrad as a center of commerce. The Turcomans dominated the eastern territory to the Caspian Sea coast and the southern area around Merv. The Uzbegs populated several areas in Khiva and maintained control over most of the towns and oasis. The other minorities were scattered throughput the Khanate.

Russian Enemies of Central Asia

Afghanistan
Bokhara Khanate
Khiva Khanate (a.k.a. Khwarizm or Khorezm)
Khokan Khanate
Turcoman Tribes
Russians