As Mongol rule was overthrown, the sedentary peoples (especially the Russians and Chinese) rebuilt their political power and gradually encroached on the peoples of the steppes. Many pockets of Turkic-speaking peoples (and a few Mongol ones) were left behind from Europe to Mongolia as the Russians advance eastward. Some of these Turkic speakers retain the old Mongol ethnonym Tatar, corrupted by Europeans into the word "Tartar." (Just remember, however, that all of the modern Tatars are actually Turks, not Mongols.)

The spread of Russian and Chinese political influence climaxed in the 18th to 20th Centuries, when all of the steppe peoples were incorporated into either the Russian or Chinese Empires. Today, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, new countries have sprung up in Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tadjikistan), and (Outer) Mongolia have become truly independent of both Russian and Chinese domination for the first time in centuries.

These new states take pride in their nomadic roots and have supported research into their nomadic origins.

Eurasian Nomads: Part 2

Magyars
Székely
Pechenegs
The Uighur Empire (744-840)
Xueyantuo
Kirghiz or Kyrgyz
Kipchaks
Kimeks
Tatars or Tartar
Steppe Kingdoms (840-1278)
Khitan or Kidan
Tanguts
Jurchen or Jurchid
Turks or Turkmen
Mongol World Empire (1206-1368)
Steppe Peoples' Political Decline (14th C. onward)
Descriptions of Non-Mongolian Physiques

Eurasian Nomads: Part 1

Background
Indo-European Period (4,000 BC-300 AD)
Hsiung-nu Period (250 BC-450 AD)
Turkic Kaganate (552-744)