Battle of Maria
15 June, 1809

Wargaming the Battle
and Footnotes

by Mike Oliver
map by Derek Stone


Although somewhat larger than Alcaniz, Maria can still be fought one to one in an evening but this is best achieved by not allowing Areizaga and Laval to be involved (as historically). Once again, the Spanish have a realistic chance of success, particularly if they are allowed to set up non-historically. Apart from the Vistula Legion component, Musnier's troops should be conscript class, as should Robert's reinforcements. All Spanish regular infantry should equate with the more experienced French units. Spanish cavalry were poorly mounted and should only fight as "light"; they should also suffer a permanent morale penalty to reflect their usual performance. All artillery units should be veteran class.

If you want to incorporate Areizaga as a reinforcement for Blake (and consequently Laval's five battalions) you will probably need two extra players. An umpire also makes a useful addition, if available. Also, you will need to incorporate the potential for a small, separate combat between these two bodies on a small, side table. Otherwise, assess reasonable activation criteria and arrival times, using die rolls or a selection of pre-written "chits".

The terrain should allow for movement penalties for ascending ravine sides. In general, the ground is not cultivated except for the narrow riverside plain, which has fields. There were no woods indicated by any of the available sources, although it is probable that the high ground was pitted and strewn with boulders and scrub-oak, so most unsuitable for cavalry. Include the River Huerba to one side of the table and position the bridge to allow Areizaga to arrive realistically (or Blake to escape). No other crossings are available, so units forced back to the river will surrender unless they have the bridge open.

Notes

[1] Oman, Sir C.- A History of the Peninsular War Vo.. II p419, Clarendon Press 1903 and Napier, W.E.P.- History of the War in the Peninsula and in the South of France Vol. I p99, 2nd Ed. Constable 1992.
[2] Gates, David - The Spanish Ulcer p162, George Allen & Unwin 1986.
[3] Napier, W.E.P.- (op cit) p325
[4 and 11] Oman (op cit) p423 states that there were five battalions with Laval on Monte Torrero but the two regiments he lists in Appendix IXA show only two battalions each with a total of 2033 bayonets less the casualties from Alcaniz.
[5] I have assumed that Creagh was in line with Roca, since

    a) Darbishire's map shows sufficient battalions in the first line and

    b)the Vanguard is not shown elsewhere.

I have further assumed that this brigade was nearest the river since the map shows two units in line and one in skirmish order which coincides with the Vanguard's composition; hence my assumption concerning the identity of the skirmisher cloud. Incidentally, I believe "Col. Creagh" to be synonymous with Don Juan Creagh de Lacy, whom J.M. Bueno Carrera lists as the Colonel of Regirmento Almeria (Uniformes Espanoles de la Guerra de Independencia, p20 - Aldaba Ediciones, S.A.); the coincidence would otherwise be too great, I think.
[6] I am somewhat confused over bridges reported to cross the Huerba. Napier states that Blake "...had only one line of retreat, by the bridge of Maria, which was on the extremity of his right flank." Darbishire's map suggests the bridge was at Cadrete on the Spanish extreme right but neither Napier nor Oman, in their texts, mention Cadrete. According to the map, Maria ties to Blake's right rear which Oman confirms, so I wonder if there were, in fact, two bridges rather than just one. Whatever the case, the effects of Wathier's cavalry action denied both to Blake even if there were two.
[7] Oman (op cit) Appendix IXA p644 calls this unit simply "Polish Lancers" they were, in fact, Vistula Lancers as distinct from the Polish Lancers of the Old Guard.
[8] Oman (op cit) p425 gives an interesting description of the action, with a quote (in German) from von Brandt's memoires. It suggests things got difficult for the Vistula Legion showing that the Spaniards did not lack in aggression. It also mentions the action of the Olivenza regiment of Dragoons who charged the Vistula skirmishing line, almost breaking it. Finally, there is evidence that Suchet's artillery was equipped with howitzers - at least there is clear mention of "shells".
[9] Johnson, Ray - Napoleonic Armies, a Wargamer's Campaign Directory 18051815 p 125, Arms & Armour Press.
[10] Napier (opcit) p326.
[1] See 4 above.
[12] Oman (op cit) p424
[13] Oman's orbat in Appendix IXA shows 3rd regiment with Lazan and just "Cazadores de Valencia" with Creagh. In the orbat for Alcaniz, p418, listed with Roca is the 2nd regiment, although this unit appears nowhere in the Maria orbat. According to Bueno Carrera, there were three regiments of Cazadores de Valencia (1st, 2nd and 3rd). The 1st is shown as present in the "Zaragoza garrison", as part of "Roca's Division of the 'Army of the Centre"', for 1 January 1809 (Oman Vol. II Appendix II p622), so we have a mystery. I have assumed that a misprint has occurred either in the primary documents or in Oman's reporting of them. I suspect that the unit at Alcaniz was 1st Regiment and that the 3rd joined afterwards (note their date of inception). There is a "2nd battalion of Cazadores Voluntarios de Valencia" shown by Oman (Appendix X2 p647) as with Jost Zayas' Vanguard at Talavera. Bueno Carrera does not show this unit anywhere in his lists but I offer this only as interesting information.
[14] Full name: Cazadores del Campo de Carifiena (Bueno Carrera. op cit p24).
[15] I believe this unit to be "Fieles Zaragozanos" (Loyal Zaragozans), whom Bueno Carrera says were commonly called "Voluntarios de Zaragoza". There were 5 battalions raised and I assume this unit was 1st Bn.
[16] I have assumed this to be the original Rto. de Valencia from the old regular army. There was a 2nd regiment raised on 31 May 1808 (Bueno Carrera) who were destroyed in Zaragoza. Johnson (op cit p128) suggests, however, that 3 volunteer Regiments of this name were raised in November 1808. Oman clearly indicates 3 battalions of one Regt.
[17] I am not clear why Oman considers these troops the "best in the army". They were all fairly recent levies, those present at Alcaniz not being involved in serious combat.
[18 and 19] The original I st Regt. was destroyed in the Zaragoza siege as were the 4th & 5th Regts. The 2nd and 3rd were moved up numerically to become the new 1st & 2nd Regts.
[20] I can not find, in Bueno Carrera or Johnson, a regiment of this title. It is possible that this is one of the three Valencian Regts. which Johnson mentions - see 16 above.
[21] This must be the 3o Regimento. There were 4 battalions in 2 units bearing the name "Io Tiradores de Murcia" (beware misprints!), all of whom were destroyed at Zaragoza (Bueno Carrera (op cit p221).
[22] The Voluntarios de Valencia must have been 1200 strong and all other units up to full theoretical complement to achieve this total again, just an observation based on Bueno Carrera's and Oman's data. Interestingly, 2o Cazadores de Valencia are shown by Bueno Carrera to have been established at 1200 men in two battalions (ref. 13 above).
[23] Oman's orbat for Maria shows Col. O'Donnell as in command of Blake's cavalry brigade but, on p427 of the main narrative, he says ". . . 600 cavalry under General O'Donoju . . ." (my underlining). This suggests either that O'Donnell was with Areizaga's supporting cavalry or that O'Donoju arrived during the battle (unlikely) or that we have another misprint.
[24] Obviously, Blake received extra guns with his reinforcements after Alcaniz the most likely organisation would be 2 x 6-gun and 1 x 5-gun batteries.

Battle of Maria 15 June, 1809


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