The Malinke tribes fought with the Suso tribes for control of local areas throughout the successor period. Finally in 1230 at the battle of Kirma, the Malinke crushed the Susu army. This date marks the beginning of the Malinke empire known as Mali. The empire expanded to be even larger than its Ghana predecessor. While expansion in most directions was successful, the Taureg foe still blocked most attempts to move north.

The Mali army did capture Timbuktu in 1290 but then spent most of its resources holding the city. Eventually in 1433, the Taureg were able to reclaim their city. This constant conflict combined with a fight over the throne during the 1300s caused a drain on resources which eventually stagnated Mali. The empire collapsed into a slow decline as a result of the War of the Three Sultans , also included two other army commanders declaring independence. Though a shadow of its former glory in the 1400s, the Malinke were able to retain control over their core land against the expanding Sobhai empire. For almost a century, these two powers conducted numerous raids against each other. The Songhai empire was unable to devote massive resources to the war. While to Mali were able to concentrate their now meager forces to specific points. For example t he Songhai siege of Djenne required operations for seven years and seven months before it was captured in 1473.

The army was based on a feudal system with the empire being divided in to twelve sultanates. These were grouped, six each, into a southern and northern military district. Each district had a General in charge of defense and other operations. While most of the troops were supplied on a feudal basis, each commander had a quick reaction force of full time regular mounted troops. Each town also maintained a small garrison. Descriptions of the Mali army refer to mounted troops armed with a long spear and sword. The horsemen are reported as wearing chainmail.

The Mali conducted numerous campaigns against the Tauregs, Susu, Dogon, Mossi (1400s), Songhai (1400-1500s) and Fulaini.

Medieval Empires of Africa's Sahel

Historical Background
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
Kaneum-Bornu
Minor Powers of the Region