A Documented Listing of
Spanish and British Units

Southern Theater of Operations:
American Revolution

1st Note: British at Pensacola

by Thomas E. DeVoe and Karl T. Martinsen


In January, 1779, Brigadier General John Campbell landed at Pensacola with the following troops;

    3rd Waldeck Regiment, Colonel Johann Ludwig Wilhelm von Hanxleden 18 officers & 612 men
    Pennsylvania Loyalists, Lt. Colonel William Allen 12 officers & 118 men
    Maryland Loyalists, Lt. Colonel James Chalmers 20 officers & 203 men
    Royal Artillery 1 officer & 32 men

Campbell found the following regulars at Pensacola;

    16th Foot 7 companies, 8 officers & 178 men
    3 / 60th Foot 4 companies, 6 officers & 161 men
    4 / 60th Foot 4 companies, 2 officers & 101 men

    ( The troop strengths cited above are taken from returns dated 1st November 1778 for the Royal Artillery, and the 15th March 1779 for the other units. )

Campbell had serious reservations about the quality of almost all of his troops. According to the General, the Waldeckers were "totally unfit for active service" (the Waldeck Regiment was a single battalion corps of 1 grenadier and 4 battalion companies), the two Loyalist battalions were "composed of the greater part of Irish vagabonds (deserters from the rebels) who from natural fickleness and instability..would desert without any other temptation", and the eight companies of the 60th Regiment were filled with "Germans, condemned criminals, and other species of gaol birds".

Even the "veterans" of the 16th Regiment, whom Campbell considered to be his only dependable troops, were "almost worn out in the service".

In addition to the regulars mentioned above, Campbell found several companies of provincials in West Florida. In 1777, Colonel John Stuart, the superintendent of Indian affairs for the southern department, had organised two companies of "refugees". One of these units was a "troop of light horsemen" under the command of Captain Alexander Cameron, the commander of the other company was Captain Richard Pearis, a "refugee" from near Charleston, S.C. These units, which seem to have been rangers, may have been called the Loyal Refugees, or even the Loyal Carolina Refugees. Campbell disbanded what was left of these two companies in November 1779.

Campbell also "reduced" the "independent companies" of Captain Anthony Hutchens and Thaddeus Lyman, which had officers and non-coms, but "few or no" men. While the 24 privates of Captain Francis Miller's company were retained (perhaps as batteaumen). Captain Francis Miller was a former British officer, he had commanded some Massachusetts Provincial troops. In 1778, Miller was authorised to raise an independent company by Governor Peter Chester.

The following Loyalist units were raised in West Florida in 1779 and 1780;

    West Florida Loyalists (commander unknown) 75 men
    West Florida Royal Foresters Captain Adam Chrystie 43 men

    (At various times, Adam Chrystie was a magistrate of the Manchac District and Speaker of the House in the West Florida Assembly)

Sources:

British Forces in North America 1774-1781; Their Distribution and Strength, by C. T. Atkinson, pub. Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, Part 1, Vol. XVI, pp. 3-23.
The 3rd Waldeck Regiment in British Service 1776-1783, by A. W. Haarmann, pub. Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, Vol. XLVIII, No.195, pp.182-6.
Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, by M. M. Boatner, New York, 1966.
The Natchez District and the American Revolution, by R. V. Maynes, pub. Jackson, Miss., 1976.
Encyclopedia of British, Provincial, and German Army Units 1775-1783, by P. R. N. Katcher, pub. Harrisburg, Penna., 1973.
The First Pennsylvania Loyalist Battalion 1777-1783, by P. R. N. Katcher, pub. Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, Vol. XLVIII, No.196, pp.250-51.
Uniforms of the American, British, French, and German Armies in the War of the American Revolution 1775-1783, by C. M. Lefferts, ed. A. J. Wall, reprinted by Old Greenwich, Conn.
Memoir of Major Patrick Murray, published in The Annals of the Kings Royal Rifle Corps, by Lewis Butler, Vol. I, pp.288-319, London 1913.
The Loyalists in West Florida and the Natchez District, by W. H. Siebert, pub. Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. II, No. 4, pp. 465-83.
Peter Chester's Defense of the Mississippi After the Willing Raid, by K. T. Abbey, pub. Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. XXII, No.1, pp.25.
British West Florida 1763-1783, by Cecil Johnson, New Haven, Conn., 1943, pp.209.

More Spanish and British Units: American Revolution


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