Compiled by T.D. Hooker
Having read the previous article I thought that a quick look through some of the books which I have on this subject might bring to light some other notes which could be helpful, there are 6 other titles that are to be used for this purpose. Manual de Historia Dominicana(1) Manual de Historia Dominicana, by Frank Moya Pons, pub. Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santiago, República Dominicana, 1980. This title has a chapter on the occupation, pp.475-494, but the section of interest was the list of Governors etc. from 1844-1978, on pp.613-624, here is the list dealing with the U.S. Military Governors and Military Governors Interino, Military Governors:
Military Governors Interino:
One Hundred Eighty Landings of United States Marines 1800-1934(2) One Hundred Eighty Landings of United States Marines 1800-1934, by Capt. Harry Allanson Ellsworth, pub. USMC, Washington D.C. 1974. Only pages 69-71 cover these events, thought some good data can be found out, here are the best three paragraphs from it; Rear Admiral William B. Caperton, commanding the Cruiser Force, ordered the 6th and 9th companies of Marines from Haiti to the naval transport "Prairie", despatched it to Santo Domingo City, and upon its arrival, May 5th, these companies were landed. A little later this force was reinforced by the 1st, 4th, 5th, 13th, 14th, 19th, and 24th Marine companies, and Santo Domingo City was occupied. Admiral Caperton requested the Navy Department to send an additional regiment of Marines, for service in conjunction with those already landed, in order to quickly put down the revolution and effect the pacification of the interior. The 4th Regiment of Marines, under Colonel Joseph H. Pendleton, ordered from San Diego, arrived at Monte Cristi and disembarked on June 21st. Marines from the "New Jersey" and "Rhode Island" had been landed previously at Puerto Plata. As well as some of the companies originally landed at Santo Domingo City, including the artillery battalion which landed at Monte Cristi. The Marines suffered casualties of 4 officers and 10 men killed, 1 officer and 1 man died of wounds, 3 officers and 51 men died of disease, 2 officers and 37 men died through accident, 2 officers and 29 men died due to other causes, and 5 officers and 50 men were wounded in action. A Chronology of the United States Marine Corps 1775 - 1934(3) A Chronology of the United States Marine Corps 1775 - 1934, by Col. W. M. Miller & Maj. J. H. Johnstone, pub. USMC, Washington D.C., 1965. Some notes that help out with some of the previous text, it should also be noted that this work was also used in compiling data for the previous title [book (2)], so I'll leave out that information. The Marine detachment from the USS "Castine", were landed with the 6th and 9th companies at Santo Domingo City, on the 5th May. The Marine detachment of the USS "Louisiana", embarked in the USS "Panther", landed at Monte Cristi, and occupied the town without resistance, on the 26th May. The Marine detachments of the USS "Rhode Island" and "New Jersey" landed from the USS "Salem" with a detachment of seamen and seized the town of Puerto Plata, on the 1st June. The 4th Marine Regiment, commanded by Colonel Joseph H. Pendleton, landed at Santo Domingo City, with Colonel Pendleton assuming command of all naval forces ashore, 18th June. By the 31st October the Marines of the 2nd Brigade stationed in the Dominican Republic numbered 47 officers and 1,738 enlisted men. On the 1st May 1917 the "Guardia Nacional Dominica" was established, to be trained and later led by Marines. On the 26th February 1919 elements of the 15th Marine Regiment landed at San Pedro de Marcoris to assist the 4th Marine Regiment and other units in ending banditry. 8th March 1919, the 15th Marine Regiment, with the 1st Air Squadron attached, landed at Santo Domingo City, this is the first instance of a Marine air/infantry force being organized. 1st August 1922, The 3rd and 15th Marine Regiments in the Dominican Republic were disbanded, and their personnel were transferred to the newly re-established 1st Marine Regiment. 16th September 1924, The last group of Marines, a company which had been left to complete administrative details, was withdrawn from the Dominican Republic. Admirals and Empire: The United States Navy and the Caribbean, 1898-1945(4) Admirals and Empire: The United States Navy and the Caribbean, 1898-1945, by Donald A. Yerxa, pub. University of South Carolina Press, 1991. Interesting book, but only pages 43-46 cover our topic. Rear Admiral William B. Caperton's flagship was the USS "Dolphin", it arrived in Santo Domingo harbour on the 12th May, joining four other American warships aswell as the British Cruiser "Melbourne" and the French Cruiser "Marseillaise", these European warships soon departed, content to leave the police action in the hands of the United States. Opposed by only the surf and a rocky beach, a force of about 600 marines and sailors complete with field pieces and equipment landed from the supply ship "Culgoa" and repair ship "Hector" during the night to take Santo Domingo City. The marine and naval landing at Puerto Plata in 1916 had to fight against about 500 pro Arias irregulars, they landed from the gunboat "Sacramento", the marines suffered several casualties including the death of marine Captain Herbert J. Hirshinger. By late May 1916 there were 14 U.S. warships stationed in the waters of the Dominican Republic, mostly gunboats and destroyers, two of these struck unseen reefs they were the destroyer "Terry" and the supply ship "Culgoa", both were saved to serve on. While on the 29th August 1916 in the Santo Domingo harbour, the old armoured cruiser "Memphis" and the gunboat "Castine" began to drag their anchors during extremely heavy seas, and were heading towards the rocky shoreline. The "Castine" managed to get steam up and head for the sea, but the "Memphis" could not, she run aground 40 feet from shore, her main steam pipe and two boilers exploded, resulting in the deaths of seven men from scalds and burns. 33 others also died from both ships when their life boats capsized in the rough seas. According to State Department Official and Historian Dana G. Munro "Arias and Jiménistas in general were notoriously pro-German, a government controlled by them could endanger the security of the United States" and with the increasing prospect of war with Germany this type of opinion could have helped to influence the policy makers in Washington and their decision to occupy the Dominican Republic. Although there is no firm evidence of any German intrigue in the Dominican Republic in Navy or State department files. The Impact of Intervention: The Dominican Republic during the U.S. Occupation of 1916-1924(5) The Impact of Intervention: The Dominican Republic during the U.S. Occupation of 1916-1924, by Bruce J. Calder, pub. University of Texas Press, 1984. Here's a whole book on our subject matter, so I'll only take out a few details that are of help, best get the book from the local library if really interested. By May 1919, the military government had amassed 1,480 men in El Seibo and San Pedro de Macorís provinces, stationed at 20 different points were 81 officers, 40 hospital corpsmen, and 1,359 enlisted men. The largest numbers were at the city of San Pedro de Macorís (270), Consuelo (222, including 127 in an aviation squadron), Hato Mayor (198), El Seibo (196), Las Pajas (112), Dos Ríos (76), Guaymate (64), La Romana (63), Higüey (56), and San Rafael del Yuma (40). Most of the remaining men were at posts concentrated in a small area north of the sugar company properties around El Seibo and Hato Mayor. Naboth's Vineyard: The Dominican Republic 1844-1924Sorry but I've run out of space but the last title that is good for this period although it has more of the politics than the actual warfare side is Naboth's Vineyard: The Dominican Republic 1844-1924, by Sumner Wells, pub. Parson & Clarke, New York 1928, he includes some details of trials against U.S. officers for crimes against Dominican citizens, which is interesting. Additional Notes on U.S. Occupation of the Dominican Republic 1916 - 1924 Back to Table of Contents -- El Dorado Vol IX No. 1 Back to El Dorado List of Issues Back to MagWeb Master Magazine List © Copyright 2000 by The South and Central Military Historians Society This article appears in MagWeb (Magazine Web) on the Internet World Wide Web. Other military history articles and gaming articles are available at http://www.magweb.com |