Greek Generals
in Ancient Warfare

Culture and Wargaming

By Shan Palmatier


My proposal is that Theban Generals and CiC's be listed at HI Vet LS/Sh 4/std--with option to be HC Vet LS 3/std for one regular general.

Greek Hoplite culture virtually demanded "leading from the front". This was due to the fiercely independent nature of the Greeks, plus the demands of honor and risk put upon the commanders. This was especially true when motivating the various city states to form into a league or as allies.

A Homeric degree of personal bravery was demanded by the Greeks. Despite the (relative) power of Theban Heavy Cav, Hoplites were the only socially substantial military unit, even at this late date in Hoplite development.

For sources on this, I recommend Hanson. He is highly enamored of the Greek front line tradition (he finds it democratic) and mentions it the most frequently, making it easy to find. Theban warfare of the time covered by this list is a throwback to earlier "more noble" Hoplite warfare that was in decline from the more progressive city-states such as Athens. In particular, there were few mercenaries, and fully armoured Hoplites were preferred rather than lighter troops of Iphacrates. Citizen soldiers were the vast bulk of the army. Again, I refer you to Hanson for the quickest verification of this.

There are numerous examples of the risks and consequences of the Greek tradition of leadership, such as Callimachus dying at Marathon, and more appropriately to our list, Cleombrotus (Spartan King) is killed in heavy fighting with the Sacred Band at Leuctra, and Epaminondas himself is killed in Mantinea, both battles being the prime sources for the Theban list. Both were fighting as Infantry.

In game terms, a Hoplite is different from dismounted Heavy Cavalry, particularly in regard to the lack of shield and fewer number of models per stand that the Heavy Cavalry has. Dismounted Heavy Cavalry is in no way equal to a Hoplite, additionally, it strikes me as a much more common MW practice (dismounted Knights), than in AW.

I am unaware of any situation covered by the Theban lists where anyone started mounted and dismounted for any reason, either during or before a battle, for instance. Epaminondas marched as infantry, as did his Spartan counterparts.

Keeping in mind the abstracted nature of the AW general figures (Greek armies could have ten or a dozen generals without breaking a sweat, AW doesn't literally represent them on a one for one basis), it seems unreasonable to deny a command figure from the cavalry entirely--particularly since the Theban list is very strong in cavalry, with a largish number of wedging HC available.

It is very clear however, that the Greek commanders fought on foot, and predominantly from the front line. This was simply Greek culture, and to make the army list more historical, there should be a restriction on the number of Theban Cavalry generals allowed. I propose one--at maximum.

Even a cursory examination of the fighting from this period reveals a heroic, front-line tradition that persisted in Greek Warfare.

There was also a heavy emphasis on close order infantry as the shock arm of fighting, and a dismissive attitude toward cavalry (one of the reasons why Greek Cavalry was generally misused and underappreciated historically).


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