During the course of researching and writing this Leavenworth Paper, many persons and agencies contributed their time and resources to assist the project. In particular, Mr. John Taylor, National Archives and Records Center, Modern Military Branch, was especially helpful in sorting through the mass of declassified Ultra documents. The National Security Agency also provided valuable assistance in this study. At the U.S. Army Military History Institute, Dr. Richard Sommers and Messrs. John Slonaker and Dennis Vetock were very considerate and helped me to investigate many documents in a short period.

As for the records of military units, the Washington National Records Center's Record Group 407 contains the 32d Infantry Division's (Persecution Task Force) G-3 Journal and File; the division's "Report After Action, Aitape, New Guinea"; "Persecution Covering Force After Action Report"; "Headquarters 112th Cavalry Regimental Combat Team Journal and Log"; "Diary, 2d Squadron"; and "112th Cavalry Historical Report, 112th Cavalry Regiment, Aitape, New Guinea." In addition, Mr. Claude Rigsby, then president of the 112th Cavalry Association, gave me a partial copy of the historical report. These documents, particularly the historical report, are the basis for this narrative, although I also compared their contents with the official Japanese military history of the campaign in order to present a balanced account of the battle.

The members of the 112th Cavalry Association kindly allowed me to attend their 1981 and 1982 reunions in Dallas, Texas, and I also attended the 1982 reunion of the 32d Infantry Division in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. On all three occasions I had the opportunity to talk to veterans of the New Guinea fighting, and this essay has profited from their insights. Time limitations, unfortunately, meant that I could talk to only a handful of veterans, although ideally all of the members should have been able to contribute to the human dimension of this battle. I extend my deepest appreciation to the members of both organizations, particularly Mr. Rigsby and Col. (Ret.) Thomas Makal, past president of the 32d Infantry Division Veterans Association, for their help in arranging my interviews at their respective reunions.

The Aitape campaign is little remembered, and consequently few reliable secondary accounts of the fighting exist. General Walter Krueger's memoirs provided details as did Jay Luvaas's editing of General Robert Eichelberger's letters in Dear Miss Em. Lt. Col. Millard Gray's Military Review article was illuminating because Gray had been G-3, 32d Division, during the operation. D. Clayton James's work on MacArthur was helpful in understanding the strategic background. The standard work on the Aitape campaign remains Robert Ross Smith's The Approach to the Philippines. This Leavenworth Paper adds tactical detail to a single phase of the complex operations that Smith describes so well.