This Leavenworth Paper contains three case studies about winter warfare drawn from twentieth century experience. It provides several valuable perspectives about this well known, but sometimes little understood subject.

Our attention is directed to the distinctive aspects of warfare in subarctic climes, the characteristics of this harsh environment and the climatic impact upon a broad range of military operations. These case studies also provide examples of how several armies adapted--or failed to adapt--to the demands of winter warfare. Finally, they demonstrate that even military forces indigenous to subarctic regions, with experienced soldiers, can have difficulty in conducting winter operations.

These case studies show clearly the importance of thorough preparation of soldiers and their equipment, the necessity for special training, and the understanding of expertly developed doctrine. Only when these requisites are fulfilled, can even the most skillful commander hope to master subarctic climes and the conditions imposed by winter.