ARTILLERY UNIFORMS:

Following the pattern already described in Part One of this article, artillerymen used for dress uniforms a dark blue shako, with crimson piping, pompon and loops. A brass badge of crossed guns and a flaming grenade was worn in the front of the shako and kepi. A dark blue dolman with tree rows of brass buttons and black wool frogging, cavalry style, was used. Crimson piping on collar and cuffs, trousers were dark blue with double band and piping in crimson. High leather boots with spurs were popular, the kepi was all dark blue with crimson piping. Equipment as cavalry, with Winchester 44 mm. 1877 model carbine and French sabres.

The Artillery was organized in two regiments, each including field and mountain batteries, the field batteries used the Krupp 75 and 87 mm. models, beside the 66 mm. Armstrong guns. Mountain artillery used the well proven 75 mm. model. Field guns were pulled by 8 horses, while 6 mules carried each mountain gun. For the final battles, the First Regiment of Artillery, Included 3 mountain and 2 field batteries, while the Second Regiment Included 3 mountain and 4 field batteries, all of them with Krupp guns. The Armstrong battery was held as reserve.

A typical field battery included 6 guns, 125 officers and men with 80 horses, for general purpose, a Machine Gun battery provided support, it was formed by 6 Gatling guns pulled by 4 horses, that used the same 11 mm. infantry cartridge.

SAPPERS:

These were formed into a regiment, divided in 4 Brigades, each with 2 companies, they provided personnel for engineering and sapper work, hut were also trained and equipped as an infantry unit, included in its equipment was the Comblaln 11mm. rifle and sabre-bayonet. Officers and men used the infantry red/blue kepi with the unit badge, a letter "Z" [for Zapadores: Sappers] on the front. The badge was also carried on the collar. The uniform included a tunique with 2 rows of brass buttons, crimson piping and crimson trousers with Infantry boots. Officers used as rank distinction a gold shoulder knot, replaced on the service uniform by a black wool one, beside the gold stripes of rank above the cuffs, Infantry pattern.

Usually the Sapper Brigades depended from the General Staff as an elite unit, being employed for special missions.

ENGINEERS:

As specialists they were normally attached to the Army General Staff, in 1879 there were only 12 in the country, with studies abroad, specially in France. Dress uniform included a bicorne hat with red plume, blue tunique with two rows of brass buttons, black velvet collar and cuffs, crimson piping and badge, representing a castle, on the collar and kepi. Trousers as artillery. On the field the salcot was popular among the Engineers as with the Staff Officers.

GENERAL STAFF:

As the Army grew a modern and complete General Staff came into being, in 1879 the army numbered only 3,000 men, but in January 1881, less than two years later, for the big battles before Lima, the army strenqh was ever 24,000 men. It included 6 Brigades and 3 Divisions, with 20,508 Infantry, 370 artillery and 1251 cavalry, with 80 guns. Each Brigade had a small Staff, with 2 Adjutants (Aide de Camp], at Division level there were 6, and the General Staff and the Army H.Q. each comprised over a dozen. Staff Adjutants used their own uniforms accordingly their branch (infantry, artillery or cavalry), with the unit badge replaced by a star on Brigades and Divisions Staff, and a device of the letters "A DE C" on the collar. Army and General Staff adjutants used on the kepi the letters "EMJ" [Estado Mayor Jeneral] and on the collar a device of a star with a laurel wreath. General Officers on the field usually were dressed in kepi, dark blue with lace on the French pattern, with oak leaves, a double breasted tunique with rank distinctions on the shoulders, formed by wide red/gold loops with 3 stars for Divisional General and 2 for Brigade General.

In Dress Uniform, they used a dark blue tunique, heavily embroidered in gold frogging, on collar, chest and turnbacks, dark blue trousers with gold stripe, bicorn hat with white or blue plumes (white for Division, blue for Brigade], a light blue sash completed the uniform.

AMBULANCE:

Usually each army unit had its own medical officers, but as the war grew, ambulances were organized at civilian level, 4 being used for the last battles, fully equiped, specially with French equipment. Also a field hospital was widely used. As civilians, Ambulance personnel did not use uniforms, but many doctors used some Items of uniforms with civilian clothes. Dark blue tuniques and trousers were popular, as the white kepi, with rank distinction for doctors of red stripes, with the Red Cross on the front. Each man carried a water bottle and a haversack with a Red Cross arm hand, also doctors used on their cuffs stripes, in dark wool, which only served to distinguish 1st. Surgeons, 2nd. Surgeons, Medical Assistants etc.

FLAGS:

Line and National Guard Regiments and Battalions, used the same flags, accordingly to a 1842 pattern. Red was used for Line and Blue for the National Guard units, with a silver star embroidered on the centre, around It and on the flag corners were embroidered the battle honours, as the illustration shows. Each company carried its own small flag with the number inscribed on it. Divisional Staff had a blue-white-red pennant, with the divisional number in black In the white centre, as shown. The Army General Staff usually displayed a blue flag with a white star.

TEXT TO PLATES

FIG.1. ARTILLERY OFFICER, DRESS UNIFORM; SHAKO; Dark blue, gold rank pipings with "V" braid,goldern pompom and loops, field officers with blue-white-red plume. In the front was two crossed cannons with a flaming grenade in brass. Dolman: Dark blue, red piping on collar and cuffs, black wool frogging and shoulder knot, brass buttons and gold lace rank distinctions. Trousers: Dark blue with crimson double band and piping.

FIG.2. ARTILLERY OFFICER, CAMPAIGN UNIFORM; kepi: dark blue, red piping and gold rank rank distinctions, over the front of the Artillery badge.Tunique; dark blue with two rows of brass buttons, gold loop on shoulder straps as rank distinction, trousers dark blue with crimson bands and piping.

FIG.3. ENGINEER OFFICER, CAMPAIGN UNIFORM; kepi; as for Infantry but with a castle and wreath brass badge. Tunique; dark blue, double row of brass buttons, rank distinctions in gold lace stripes above cuffs, black velvet collar and cuffs with crimson piping, trousers as Artillery officers.

FIG.4. SAPPER OFFICER, CAMPAIGN UNIFORM; Kepi; as infantry, for unit badge a brass letter "Z" on the front (Zapadores]. Tunique; as for infantry officers with gold lace knot on shoulders and gold lace stripes on cuffs, crimson plying, trousers crimson.

FIG.5. MEDICAL OFFICER, CAMPAIGN UNIFORM; Ambulance personnel were civilian but on campaign they used a uniform as depicted; Kepi; white canvas with red cross and rank distinction. Tunique; dark blue with a single row of brass buttons, red cross arm-band and red wool rank distinction on cuffs, trousers dark blue.

FIG.6. ARMY GENERAL, DRESS UNIFORM; Bicorne hat; black with gold lace embroidery and white feathers (blue for Brigade Generals). Tunique; dark blue with gold embroidery on collar, cuffs and front, gilt buttons and gold epaulettes. Trousers; dark blue with gold stripe (General officers also wore a sash, white for Divional Generals and blue for Brigadier Generals)..

FIG.7. ARMY GENERAL, CAMPAIGN UNIFORM; kepi; dark blue with gold lace embroidery. Tunique; double breasted with brass buttons, rank distinction on red field edged in gold (Division = three stars, Brigade = two stars) gold stars and branches. Trousers; crimson or blue with inversed colour stripe.

FIG.8. ARMY GENERAL, STAFF OFFICER; The badge on the front of the kepi denotes the Staff Corps, the rest of his uniform is in the cavalry model.

FIGS.9-13. Show various headdress for General Officers and lace design.

FIGS.14-16. Show General Staff badge & collar, plus an Aide de Camp collar.

FIG. 17. Shows a salacot [pithe helmet].

FIG. 18-19. Flags; Staff and Infantry (3rd Infantry Regiment].