CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

27th-22nd century BC The Old Kingdom in Egypt.
c. 2550 BC Uni invades Canaan.
18th-16th century BC Canaan part of the Hyksos Empire.
16th-8th century BC The New Kingdom in Egypt.
1468-1436 BC Thutmose III fights seventeen campaigns in and north of Canaan.
14th century 18th Dynasty in Egypt. Penetration of the Hebrew Tribes into Canaan. Sojourn of the Israelites in Egypt.
13th century Moses - Exodus from Egypt. Joshua - Conquest and partly peaceful settlement of Canaan (= Palestine).
12th-11th century The Judges. The Philistines and other 'sea peoples' settle on the shores of Canaan.
c. 1050 Samuel
c. 1025-1006 Saul
c. 1006-968 David - The empire extends from the borders of Egypt to the Euphrates.
c. 968-928 Solomon - Solomon builds the Temple in Jerusalem. Alliance with Tyre.
c. 925 Division of the United Monarchy.

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KINGDOM OF ISRAEL	KINGDOM OF JUDAH
	c. 928-911 BC Rehoboam reigns in Judah.
c. 925-907 BC Jeroboam reigns in Israel. Invasion of Shishak.
	c. 924 Shishak I of Egypt invades Judah and Israel.
c. 882-870 Omri reigns in Israel. Builds Samaria, renews alliance with Tyre.	c. 908-867 Asa, King of Judah, consolidates the Kingdom including the great defence works of Rehoboam.
c. 870-851 Ahab reigns in Israel. Beats off Arameans. Heads coalition against Shalmanezer in. Battle of Qarqar (853). The prophet Elias active.	c. 867-851 Jehoshaphat reigns in Judah - offensive and defensive alliance and cooperation with Israel.
c. 858-824 Shalmanezer III of Assyria succeeds in repeated campaigns to subdue the Arameans and reaches Gilead and Galilee.	c. 851-843 Jchoram, King of Judah, tries unsuccessfully to reconquer Edom.
c. 852 Mesha, King of Moab reestablishes independence from Israel.
c. 850-842 Jehoram reigns in Israel.
c. 850 Israel and Judah invade Moab without lasting success.
c. 842-814 Jehu rebels, is crowned king over Israel with the assistance of the prophet Elisha. The internal struggles make Israel practically dependent upon Damascus ruled by Hazael.
	c. 812-810 Jehoash, King of Judah under pressure from Damascus.
c. 800-785 Jehoash reaffirms Israel's independence.	c. 799-785 Amaziah reasserts Judah's independence and recaptures Edom.
c. 785-750 Jeroboam II in alliance with Uzziah of Judah re-establishes the Solomonic borders. The prophet Amos active.	c. 786-758 Uzziah reaffirms Judah's ascendancy over its neighbours to the east, south and west. The prophet Isaiah commences his activity which continues well into Hezekiah's reign.
c. 745-727 Tiglath-pileser III of Assyria invades and subjugates the Palestinian land-bridge during several campaigns. Only Judah seems to have guarded a modicum of independence.
c. 722 Samaria captured by Sargon II of Assyria after a three-year siege by his predecessor, Shalmanezer V. Large parts of the population exiled into remote parts of the empire ('the lost ten tribes'). The remnants mingle with transplanted gentiles and form the Samaritans - not accepted as orthodox Jews.	c. 724-697 Hezekiah rules Judah. He beats off Sennacherib's invasion (701).
c. 722-628 Israel an Assyrian province.	c. 628-609 Josiah - last expansion of Judah which, owing to Assyria's weakness, incorporates much of former Israel.
	c. 609 Josiah killed at Megiddo in battle against Pharaoh Necho.
	c. 605 The Neo-Babylonian Empire established, which includes nearly all of the Assyrian realm.
c. 604-539 Israel a Babylonian province	c. 586 Nebuchadnezzar captures Jerusalem, and the First Temple is destroyed. Large parts of the population are exiled to Babylonia. Subsequent flight of Jewish troops into Egypt accompanied by the prophet Hezekiel. Foundation of the first Jewish military colonies in Egypt.
c. 539 Israel a Persian province.

537-332 BC The Persian Period.
537 Under Persian rule, Jews allowed to return from Babylon to Judea.
515 Restoration of the Temple (henceforth called the Second Temple).
c. 440 Nehemiah arrives from Babylon and rebuilds the walls of Jerusalem.
c. 435 Ezra the Scribe joins Nehemiah in rebuilding the city of Jerusalem and the community in Judea.
332-134 The Hellenistic Period.
332 Alexander the Great conquers the Persians and gains their territories, including Palestine. Jewish archers join Alexander for his conquest of Egypt.
301-200 Palestine under the Ptolemies of Egypt.
198 Seleucid emperor Antiochus III of Syria wrests Palestine from the Ptolemies.
190 Antiochus III loses decisive battle of Magnesia to Romans.
188 Under treaty of Apamea, Antiochus' son (the future Antiochus IV) is sent to Rome as hostage.
187 Accession of Seleucus IV, son of Antiochus III.
175 Accession of Antioclius IV Epiphanes, brother of Seleucus IV. Onias III (Honyo), traditionalist Jewish High Priest in Jerusalem, is ousted by the emperor; pro-Hellenist Jason installed in his stead. This marks the start of Seleucid attempts to Hellenize Judea.
172 Jason dismissed, flees to Trans-Jordan, and extreme Hellenist Menelaus appointed High Priest in his place.
170 Antiochus IV launches first campaign in Egypt.
168 Rome conquers Macedonia. Antiochus IV, on his second campaign in Egypt, is about to complete his conquest of the country when Rome orders him to retreat. Uprising in Jerusalem. Antiochus sends punitive expedition to Jerusalem. Many Jews massacred; the Temple looted; the formidable Acra fortress built as a Seleucid military base.
167 Antiochus IV issues anti-Jewish decrees.
December 167 Desecration of the Temple.
167 Incident at Modiin. Mattathias and his sons raise banner of revolt. Judah creates guerrilla force. The Book of Daniel given forth.
167-166 Death of Mattathias. Judah succeeds him as leader of the Maccabees. Apollonius defeated near Gophna in first Maccabee battle against Seleucid forces.
165 Seron defeated at battle of Beth-horon. Antiochus IV departs on his eastern campaign. Nicanor and Gorgias defeated at battle of Emmaus.
164 Lysias repulsed at battle of Beth-zur.
December 164 Maccabees rededicate the Temple. Inauguration of Festival of Hanukkah.
163 Judah's expedition to rescue the Jews of Gilead. Simon's relief expedition to western Galilee. Judah campaigns in coastal plain and Idumea. Death of Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Succeeded by his young son Antiochus V Eupator, with Philip as regent.
162 Judah's brother Eleazar killed in battle of Beth-zechariah. Lysias reaches Herusalem. In the name of Antiochus V, Lysias annuls anti-Jewish decrees. High Priest Menelaus removed and executed. Demetrius escapes from Rome, becomes new Seleucid emperor (Demetrius I Soter). Antiochus V and Lysias put to death. Eliakim (Alcimus) appointed High Priest. Nicanor repulsed at battle of Capharsalama.
161 Nicanor killed at battle of Adasa. Judah's treaty of friendship with Rome.
160 Maccabees defeated by Bacchides at battle of Elasa. Jadah killed. Jonathan succeeds Judah as Maccabean leader and withdraws into south-east Judea.
152 Jonathan commences the reconquest of Judea, and subsequently establishes diplomatic connections with Rome and Sparta.
142 Simon, the last of the Maccabean brothers, succeeds Jonathan and achieves his country's final independence.

Battles of the Bible: Table of Contents

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